Abstract

The article is an comprehensive review of the TOFD technique. The author discusses many aspects, e.g., accuracy, repeatability, coverage, resolution, defect types, and last not least costs, where the real value of TOFD lies - despite its few inherent limitations. He concluded - yes, TOFD does have its limitations - but so do all other techniques when used isolation.

Table of contents |Full Text|

• INTRODUCTION
• PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
• DETECTION & SIZING
• ACCURACY & REPEATABILITY
• COVERAGE & RESOLUTION

  i) Near Surface Resolution

  ii) Volumetric Coverage

  iii) Far Surface Resolution

• DEFECT TYPES

  i) Cracks & Lack of Fusion

  ii) Horizontal Planar Defects

  iii) Transverse Defects

  iv) Inclusions

  v) Structural Defects

• OTHER APPLICATIONAL CONSTRAINTS

  i) Temperature Limitations

  ii) Materials

  iii) Complex Geometry

  iv) Continuous Condition Monitoring

  v) Safety

• EASE OF INTERPRETATION
• ACCEPTABILITY
• AVAILABILITY
• COST
• SUMMARY