Fatigue tests were carried out on full-scale slender web girders and continuously monitored for Acoustic Emission (AE) using a Physical Acoustics LOCAN 320 AE Monitoring system. The girders were also monitored by surface strain gauges. It is demonstrated that the initiation of fatigue cracks, prior to visible detection, can be detected by changes in several AE parameters slightly before changes in surface strain. Key stages of fatigue crack development can be identified by changes in AE activity and furthermore, a good relationship between average AE hit rate and average crack progression are explored. Location analysis, obtained by time-of-flight techniques can be very useful for monitoring not only the position of cracks, but also to reflect the developing trends at the crack tips. A steel girder bridge was monitored in over to assess the suitability of the technique for use in a practical system. The bridge is relatively new and not expected to contain any fatigue cracks and was therefore ideal for obtaining signature levels for background noise arising from wind loading, traffic activity and the movement of welded and bolted connections.
The suitability of AE in bridge maintenance programmes is discussed. The features necessary for acceptance by the highway authorities are highlighted and a prototype system and strategy proposed.