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Environment Microclimatic quality analysis. Application of the Transfer Function Method to a single thermal zone of an Italian museum V. Gori1, C. Balocco1 , L. Citi2, R. Boddi3 1Dipartimento di Energetica; University of Florence 10, Florence, Italy 2Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 10, Cambridge, MA, USA 3Servizio di Climatologia e Conservazione Preventiva; Opificio delle Pietre Dure 2, Florence, Italy monitoring campaigns, cultural heritage, transfer function method
| Environment |
Environment Environmental Monitoring for Evaluationof the Effectiveness of Protection Interventions with Synthetic Films: the Case A. Bianco 9, V. Ceradini 2, E. Uccellini Dipartimento PAU; Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria 31, Reggio Calabria, Italy environmental monitoring, protective film, thermography, dataloggers
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The paper reports the findings of experimental research aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to protect from rain for outer walls without plaster. The application case refers to a tower-building, born as a military lookout and then localized in very exposed and windy position, and now destined to ordinary residence. During a recent restoration has been removed a cement plaster, applied to exterior stone facades, and has been applied a protective film for a water repellent treatment. To test the transpiration of this treatment, was performed a thermohygrometric and thermographic monitoring, which highlighted some critical aspects of that treatment, requiring a reflection on the limits of effectiveness of such products and interventions, in specific case studies.
| Environment |
Environment Superlinear Speedup in Parallel 3D Computed Tomography Applied to Large Objects in Cultural Heritage R. Brancaccio1 2, M. Bettuzzi1 5, F. Casali1 8, M. Morigi1 5, G. Levi1, A. Gallo2, G. Marchetti3, D. Schneberk4 1Physics Department; University of Bologna 52, Bologna, Italy 2University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy 3Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA 4Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 4, Livermore, USA
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X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) is a well known diagnostic technique. However, it could be very complex if one wants to use it in fields other than medicine. When CT is applied to large objects, as in cultural heritage, several thousand digital images have to be elaborated, operation that takes a long time. As it is not possible to leave the measurement stage near a monument or in a museum for a long time, it is necessary to develop fast image reconstruction software to allow the experimenters to "look inside" the objects quickly in order to repeat the measurements, if necessary, in a more suitable condition before dismantling the equipment. The X-Ray Imaging Group (University of Bologna) has developed several systems for CT of large objects and, recently, a software, for fast image elaboration, that operates on a network of computers. For illustrating the power of our computing system, this presentation will discuss the CT (done in 2008) of a large Japanese wooden statue (over 200cm of height) of the XIII century, located at the royal palace "La Venaria Reale" (Turin). To investigate the entire statue volume, up to 36 scans were necessary and for each of them 720 radiographs were acquired. To reconstruct all the slices of the complete volume of the object (120 GB) it took 20 days of computing on a good standard PC. The parallelization work was done using the Microsoft (Redmond) HPC cluster and thereafter on a new, transportable, 32 cores cluster at the INFN of Bologna. The HPC environment has proven to be dramatically powerful and easy to use allowing to have the results very quickly. A superlinear speedup of 75 was reached with a 32 cores cluster (the speed up factor, 75, is higher than the number of cores, 32).
| Environment |
Environment Combining Non Destructive Techniques and Microsamples Analyses to Study a Stone Giant: the Case of Nettuno in Piazza Della D. Pinna1 , S. Bracci2, G. Driussi3, M. Galeotti1, Z. Morabito3, M. Realini4, B. Sacchi2, A. Santagostino1 1Opificio delle Pietre Dure 2, Florence, Italy 2Istituto per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali; Stelin Electronica, n.n., Italy 3ARCADIA Ricerche, Venezia, Italy 4Istituto per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali; ARCADIA Ricerche, Venezia, Italy
| Environment |
Environment The Conservation of Weathering Steel Sculptures, a Comparative Study of Chillida´s Sculptures Exposed in Bilbao K. Castro1 , J. Aramendia1, L. Gomez-Nubla2, D. Vega2, A. López de Heredia2, A. Ibáñez de Opakua2, J. Madariaga1 1Department of Analytical Chemistry; The University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) 44, Bilbao, Spain 2Conservation-restoration Dept.; Guggenheim Bilbao Museoa, Bilbao, Spain sculptures, weathering steel, urban seacoast environment, corrosion, Raman, XRF.
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Weathering steel (high strength low alloy steel also known as Cor-Ten? or U.S. Steel) has been widely used in architecture and engineering for its unique characteristics and resistance against atmospheric corrosion. This selfprotecting material has the quality of gradually forming a stable corrosion resistant oxide patina through outdoor weathering. However, specific problems from its use in art have not been so deeply investigated; there is still an insufficiently explored field for conservator-restorers dealing with this type of works. Investigations carried out in this work involved identification and characterization analysis of corrosion products from four public sculptures (pieces by E.Chillida, exposed to outdoor urban seacoast environment in Bilbao). Analytical diagnosis combined non-destructive techniques such as Raman and X-Ray fluorescence. The main compound identified was lepidocrocite (?-FeOOH), instead of goethite (á-FeOOH) the compound claimed as that corresponding to a stable passivation layer. As all of the sculptures have already been exhibited to outdoor environment over 10 years, theoretically enough time for the stable polymorph of FeOOH to form, we must conclude the negative effect of the urban environment on the long-term stability of some of these artworks.
| Environment |
Environment Conservation and Environmental Conditions in a Temporary Storage Areaofpalazzo Soliano in Orvieto M. Napoli, L. Rivaroli, R. Talone Mariarosaria Di Napoli (Private restorers), , Italy Preventive conservation, monitoring, environment, storage area
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This work concerns a conservative and environmental study of the first floor of Palazzo Soliano, an historical building located next to the Orvieto's cathedral which is temporarily used as a storage area by the M.O.D.O. (Museo dell'Opera del Duomo di Orvieto). The cultural properties housed in building consist of heterogeneous materials (textile, ceramics, glasses, stone materials, canvas, metals, paper). These objects are preserved in different storage units (racks, shelves and cases). The study of the storage area and of objects conservation conditions was realized by using the Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) and the Collection Data Sheet (CDS), a methodology developed by Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro. The EDS is a tool that helps to highlight the features of the storage environment, by carrying out seasonal microclimate monitoring, as well as chemical air quality and entomological monitoring campaigns. Through the correlation of all these data with the information collected with the EDS and the CDS, it was possible to evaluate the conditions of the objects in relation with the environmental, structural and architectonic characteristics of the storage area. This study allowed to detect some causes, linked to the main typologies of objects decay.
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Environment Investigation of Mercury Emissions of Historic Tin-Mercury-Mirrors M. Torge 2, S. Krug , M. Bücker , I. Feldmann , H. Scharf , H. Witthuhn BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing 1304, Berlin, Germany Other Methods, Materialemissionen, Mercury Vapor, Mercury mirror
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With the implementation of glass casting in France in the second half of the 17th century, larger mirrors could be produced. So-called tin-mercury mirrors were made by coating glass with tin amalgam. Today, many historical mirrors are partly damaged, the image quality is compromised, and the material integrity of the mirror is threatened. The transformation from tin into an oxide starts at the surface of the amalgam and proceeds down to the glass surface. The mercury dissolves as a liquid or gaseous phase. The amalgam layer is destroyed, so that conservation is necessary. Conservators must follow strict safety precautions while handling amalgam mirrors because of possible mercury emissions and corrosion of the amalgam, during which elemental mercury accumulates near the mirror frame in droplets and is emitted into the air.
In a research project, the quantity of the mercury emissions from historical mirrors was examined and a technique to decrease these emissions was developed.
| Environment |
Microanalysis Analysis of Herculaneum Papyri with X-Ray Computed Tomography W. Seales 2, J. Griffioen, R. Baumann 2, M. Field Center for Visualization and Virtual Environments; University of Kentucky 4, Lexington, KY, USA
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The town of Herculaneum was destroyed by the pyroclastic flows of the erupting Mt. Vesuvius in 79CE. However, many artifacts and structures were preserved by this same process, until their rediscovery in the last few centuries. The Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum contained many papyrus scrolls, carbonized in the eruption but otherwise still intact. Studying the text inside these papyri is made extremely difficult by their fragile state, and any attempts to read them result in irreparable damage. Scholars studying these rolls must painstakingly remove each layer of papyrus to read the text beneath and carefully preserve the resulting fragments. A non-destructive method of unwrapping the Herculaneum papyri would be of great use to scholars, while simultaneously preserving the cultural heritage of one of the greatest archaeological sites in the world. This has been the goal of the EDUCE (Enhanced Digital Unwrapping for Conservation and Exploration) project. In the summer of 2009, our team imaged the interior of two such papyri, housed at the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres of the Institut de France in Paris, using X-ray computed tomography. CT provides a non-destructive method to visualize the interior of these scrolls as a three-dimensional volumetric rendering. Only minimal handling of the scrolls was required, to transfer them from archival storage to custom-built sample holders derived from a laser scan of the surface of each scroll. The X-ray scans were captured with a SkyScan 1173 Micro-CT scanner, at resolutions of up to 14 microns. The resulting 3D reconstructions show a tightly compressed, highly chaotic internal structure. Accurate estimates on the length of the scrolls can be made from this data. Manual segmentation of small regions have allowed us to extract single layers. With further refinements of our algorithms, we hope to be able to unroll the entire papyri.
| Microanalysis |
Microanalysis Implementation of Maldi Mass Fingerprinting in a Museum Laboratory for the Identification of Proteins in Works of Art D. Kirby, K. Phillips, N. Khandekar Straus Center for Conservation, Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, MA, USA
| Microanalysis |
Microanalysis Genuine or Fake: A Micro-Raman Spectroscopy Study of an Abstract Painting Attributed to Vasily Kandinsky S. Saverwyns 2, W. Fremout 3 Laboratories; Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK/IRPA) 2, Brussel, Belgium
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This study concentrates on the analysis of an abstract painting attributed to the Russian avant-garde artist Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944), often considered as the most important founder of abstract painting. The origin of this painting however is quite obscure and the question was posed if this work could be a copy. Since the occurrence of a modern pigment in a historic painting can point to a copy, a few pigment grains and chips were taken from different colours of the painting, and identified by micro-Raman spectroscopy (?-RS). To avoid sampling of retouched zones, the painting was carefully studied under UVlight and by X-radiography. The X-radiograph revealed a hidden painting, made in a completely different style. ?-RS proved the presence of synthetic organic pigments (SOP's) in the "Kandinsky paint". Although not impossible it is quite rare that SOP's are found prior to 1945. With the aid of an in-house built dedicated Raman reference library containing spectra of approximately 300 different SOP's, most SOP in the painting could be unambiguously identified. Comparing the dates of discovery or of first commercial use of these pigments with the date the painting is supposed to have been made, led to the conclusion that the painting could not have been created by Vasily Kandinsky.
| Microanalysis |
Nondestructive Testing In Situ Acoustic Imaging to Reveal Glaze Delaminations, in the Early Stages, in Portuguese Azulejos P. Calicchia Institute of Acoustics and Sensor "O. M. Corbino" (IDASC), Rome, Italy
| Nondestructive Testing |
Nondestructive Testing Spectrophotometric Analysis for Pigment Palette Identification: the Case of "Profeta Stante" T. Cavaleri, P. Croveri, A. Giovagnoli 4 Centro Conservazione e Restauro "La Venaria Reale", Venaria Reale, Italy
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A modern restoration intervention on paintings needs a preliminary investigation of constitutive materials. This investigation is important to take the proper choices before the restoration intervention and it is decisive in order to provide significant research topics. Spectrophotometric analyses have been carried out on "Profeta Stante", a Fifteenth century oil-painted panel, in order to determine artist's colour palette using an absolutely non-invasive method. In accordance with the principle of selective light absorption, which is the basis of spectrophotometry, the result of this analysis are reflectance spectra, the trend of which is typical of each pigment or dye. Then, the particular behaviour of a painted surface to a source emitting the visible wavelength range gives evidence of its nature and it shows how every single pigment is also characterized by the presence of other colour components that confer to it its own hue. Following the false colour infrared (IR-FC) photography outcomes, thirty measurement points, representative of the different colour present in the painting, have been chosen in order to identify the artist's palette and also to evaluate reliability and limits of spectrophotometric and colorimetric analysis when used as preliminary investigation for pigments identification. This work as a whole aims at ensuring an exhaustive pigments comprehension by the combination of the non-invasive techniques which the Centro Conservazione e Restauro "La Venaria Reale" makes use of. The undoubted advantage is to limit the quantity of micro-sampling in accordance with the principle of minimum invasiveness. Following the adopted diagnostic protocol, when the spectrophotometric analysis were found to be insufficient for the pigments' identification, further non-invasive analysis, such as the X-ray fluorescence (XRF), have been used to solve identification problems.
| Nondestructive Testing |
Nondestructive Testing A Hyper-Spectral Scanner for High Quality Image Spectroscopy: Digital Documentation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Polychrome Surfaces C. Cucci 2, A. Casini, M. Picollo 6, M. Poggesi, L. Stefani Istituto di Fisica Applicata Nello Carrara; Italian National Research Council (IFAC-CNR) 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Image Spectroscopy (IS) in the UV-Vis-NIR spectral region is a well-established methodology for the non-invasive diagnostics and documentation of polychrome surfaces. This contribution illustrates a high-performance hyper-spectral scanner, specifically designed for diagnostics on paintings and flat polychrome objects. The system, based on a prism-grating-prism line-spectrograph connected to a silicon CCD camera, operates in the 400-900nm spectral range, with high spectral resolution (about 1 nm) and a spatial sampling of 0.1 mm over areas of about 1 m2. Thanks to these characteristics, this hyper-spectral scanner, recently upgraded with mechanical improvements and a new software interface, still represents a cutting-edge instrumentation for IS applications on polychrome surfaces. This work illustrates the characteristics of the instrumentation and presents review of noticeable results obtained in different cases-.studies.
| Nondestructive Testing |
Nondestructive Testing Internal Structure Observation of a Japanese Panel Painted Screen By Terahertz Imaging Technique N. Kamba1 , Y. Tsuchiya1, A. Okimoto1, K. Fukunaga2 7 1Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo, Japan 2National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) 7, Tokyo, Japan
| Nondestructive Testing |
Nondestructive Testing The Ice Clean System for Removing Biological Patina: the Case of Piramide of Caio Cestio in Rome A. Giovagnoli 4, M. Nugari, A. Pietrini Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro (ISCR) 2, , Italy biological patina, disinfection, microanalyses, FTIR, SEM EDS
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The study was aimed to test the applicability of the Ice-Clean? system (Sapio Group) for disinfect and cleaning the biological black patina on stone surfaces of the Pyramid of Caio Cestio in Rome. The methodology is based on the use of pellets of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) which are projected at high speeds on the surface to be cleaned. By this methodology on the surface a dual action, physical, related to low temperatures, and mechanical, substantially abrasive, is obtained with minimum environmental impact. The evaluation of the Ice-Clean? method was carried out through analyses in situ and in laboratory. For checking the suitability of the system in the cleaning and disinfection of the marble surfaces the research has been developed on test areas comparing the Ice- Clean? system with the traditionally method normally adopted for removing biological patina (disinfection alone and combined with ammonium carbonate cleaning). The analytical protocols have been stated in accordance with the responsible of the site, and with the participation of the restorers. The patina have been characterized by microbiological analyses before and after the treatments with different tested methods. In situ spectrophoto-colorimetric test and surface observations by microwatch were also performed. Few significant micro samples coming from the investigated areas have been analysed in laboratory by FTIR and SEM-EDS.
| Nondestructive Testing |
Nondestructive Testing Non-Destructive Characterisation and Dating of Historic Parchment Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy A. Moir1, M. Strliè2, G. De Bruin3 3, T. Trafela1 2, I. Cigic1 2, J. Kolar4 3, V. Deselnicu5 2 1aFaculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology bCentre for Sustainable Heritage; University of Ljubljana 99, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Centre for Sustainable Heritage, The Bartlett School of Graduate Studies; University College London (UCL) 11, London, United Kingdom 3National Archive of The Netherlands 3, Den Haag, Netherlands 4Morana RTD d.o.o. 2, Ivancna Gorica, Slovenia 5Leather and Footwear Research Institute 2, Bucharest, Romania Near infrared spectroscopy, Lipid peroxidation, Collagen
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Parchment is a complex natural material made from animal skin, which has been used as a writing support and for bookbinding. Due to the historic value of objects made of parchment, understanding of their degradation and their conservation is of high importance to archives, libraries and museums. It was recently shown that lipid content in parchment may have an important influence on collagen degradation, probably via autoxidation. For parchment, a direct link between lipid content and degradation has, however, still not been demonstrated. The goal of this research presented here was to introduce NIR spectroscopy as a new non-destructive spectroscopic method of characterization of proteinaceous historic materials and to examine the relations between lipid content and degradation of parchment, measuring shrinkage temperature.
| Nondestructive Testing |
Nondestructive Testing Advances in the Analysis of Red Lake Pigments from 15th and 16th C. Paintings Using Fluorescence and Raman Spectroscopy A. Nevin 2, I. Osticioli, D. Comelli 2, A. Galassi, G. Valentini 2, R. Cubeddu 2 Dipartimento di Fisica; Politecnico di Milano 84, Milano, Italy
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An ongoing challenge in the analysis of paintings and paint cross-sections is the identification of organic pigments. The focus of this work is the application of fluorescence imaging, fluorescence lifetime imaging and micro- Raman spectroscopy for the characterisation of organic red pigments in easel and wall paintings. Results of the analysis of model samples of a variety of red lake pigments with fluorescence spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy highlight significant spectral differences for natural red-lake pigments. The in-situ analysis of wall paintings using non-destructive spectrally-resolved fluorescence imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging techniques has highlighted the presence of red-lake based pigments, some of which are barely visible to the naked eye. However, while fluorescence may provide clear indications of the presence of lake pigments, the identification of original materials on the basis of fluorescence spectra alone is particularly challenging due to the heterogeneity of painting and paint layers and the presence of conservation treatments. Therefore, non-destructive analysis of historical paint cross-sections using environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX) and micro-Raman spectroscopy has been performed. Novel applications of micro-Raman spectroscopy coupled with Subtracted Shift Raman Spectroscopy (SSRS) for the subtraction of fluorescence from historical paint cross-sections of highlight that sufficiently well-defined spectra may allow the identification of original materials. The non-destructive analysis of organic historical cross-sections has highlighted the presence of anthraquinone-based organic red dyes bound to an Aluminium-based mordant.
| Nondestructive Testing |
Nondestructive Testing Thermographic Inspection of Historical Bronze Statues N. Orazi1 4, F. Mercuri1 4, S. Paoloni1 4, U. Zammit1 4, M. Marinelli1 2, F. Scudieri1 2, C. Salerno2, A. Giuffredi3 1Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica; University of Rome - Tor Vergata 16, Rome, Italy 2Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro (ISCR) 2, , Italy 3Accademia di Belle Arti di Milano e Napoli, Naples, Italy
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The thermal analysis has been widely applied to the investigation of the structure and of the materials of artworks. Different kind of cultural heritage have been inspected, in particular, by means of the active thermography, a technique based on the analysis of the temperature distribution at the surface of an artifact, evolving as a consequence of a given thermal stimulation. Such a technique enables to detect the presence of sub-surface defects and inhomogeneities and offers several advantages, the main one being its non destructive character. In this work we present an application of the active thermography to the study of a bronze statue. In particular, we refer to a copy of a bronze statue which can be obtained from a single original model using the indirect casting process. The artist's original model is hence preserved by this method and can be used as a reference during the surface finishing and refinement of the casting performed by means of a variety of filing, polishing, and chasing tools. The aim of the present research is in particular to investigate the processing of bronze surfaces, giving the possibility to reveal the cold working hidden under the final polishing.
| Nondestructive Testing |
Nondestructive Testing Quantitave Hyperspectral Imaging for Classification and Monitoring of Materials Used in Historical Documents R. Padoan1 2, M. Klein2, M. Brown3, G. De Bruin1 3, B. Aalderink2 2, T. Steemers1 2 1National Archive of The Netherlands 3, Den Haag, Netherlands 2Art Innovation bv 2, Oldenzaal, Netherlands 3National University of Singapore 4, Singapore, Singapore
| Nondestructive Testing |
Nondestructive Testing Monitoring Marble Cracking in the David By Michelangelo G. Pascale1 10, F. Bastianini2 2, R. Carli1 4 1aDISTART Department bDICAM; University of Bologna 52, Bologna, Italy 2Sestosensor s.r.l. 2, Bologna, Italy wireless monitoring, remote control, marble cracking, fiber optic sensors, artworks
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A monitoring system has been installed on the David by Michelangelo at the Galleria dell'Accademia in Florence, in order to monitor the possible evolution of the cracking pattern present in the tree trunk lying flat to the right leg and in the left ankle of the famous statue. Other parameters as vibrations and inclinations are monitored too. The system is based on a innovative device and on minimally invasive sensors as fiber optic Bragg gratings. The monitoring activity is ongoing. The first results, even in the absence of seismic events, have shown high sensitivity to vibrations and temperature variations.
| Nondestructive Testing |
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